Money will soon jump borders in 60 seconds or less. When I described Nexus as consumer banking’s next big thing three years ago, it was just a concept: a blueprint for countries to link their smartphone-based payment networks. The idea is now much closer to reality.
The central banks of India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand are working with the Bank for International Settlements on live implementation. Bank Indonesia is participating as an observer.
The goal is to start weaving a world wide web of retail payments. The internet is the same everywhere, and anyone can be on it by following the standards laid down by its governing institutions. This will be similar. Nexus won’t be a separate phone download. A not-for-profit body will oversee a common architecture that any country’s banks and e-wallet providers can adopt to make their apps go global.
It will streamline the bewildering differences that currently exist. Take something as simple as identifying the correct bank account. Europe uses international bank account numbers, while American banks have routing numbers and SWIFT codes. There is no defined international length for account numbers.
Get one digit wrong, and your transfer could be stuck for weeks. In domestic transactions, it’s increasingly possible to use a convenient proxy like a mobile-phone number or a virtual ID. Nexus will make this proxy globally available. Want to split a dinner bill with colleagues from around the world?
Just go to the app you use, select your coworker’s country and type in her mobile number. You’ll see a partially masked name. If it’s the right payee, hit the send button. She will receive the funds in less than a minute… in her currency.
Foreign workers making remittances to family may find it a cheaper option than bank transfers. Foreign-exchange providers will compete and Nexus will show customers the best conversion rates. Tourists will be able to spend out of their home-country bank accounts at shops abroad that don’t accept credit cards. Even governments may use the protocol to send pensions to citizens living overseas.
Smartphones are ubiquitous. Countries where small-ticket retail IOUs used to be settled almost entirely in cash are now fully accustomed to scanning QR codes at shops and making person-to-person payments to mobile numbers and virtual IDs. India’s UPI, logged more than 100 billion transactions in 2023. Brazil’s PIX is another fast-growing account-to-account system.
Debiting the buyer’s bank balance—and crediting the seller’s—hasn’t made much headway in North America, where plastic prevails. But account-to-account is already the top method for settling e-commerce transactions in Thailand and Malaysia (via PromptPay and DuitNow).
Bi-Fast, which went live during the pandemic, accounted for 28% of Indonesia’s e-commerce last year, according to a Fidelity report. Blik, the Polish equivalent owned by banks and Mastercard, has a 70% share in the country’s online sales.
Asia is the right launching pad for Nexus because many of the region’s phone-based payment networks already work in more than one country. As of May, Southeast Asia has 13 person-to-merchant bilateral connections. Person-to-person transfer protocols in Singapore and India are linked.
With Nexus, there will be no need to individually hook up each country with all others. Once a central bank has decided to join and adopted the rules on sending and receiving messages, any instant-payment operator can get on the software interface to exchange instructions with a foreign counterpart and move money.
Nexus won’t be the last word in how value is exchanged across borders. A more powerful proposal is the ‘Finternet,’ a blockchain-based unified ledger. A giant scorecard that can be tracked in real time by customers will be more efficient than the current system where messages must flow between trusted intermediaries, instructing them to update accounts.
For the Finternet to work, central banks will have to supply digital cash. A token-based system will also require fraud mitigation via a ‘trusted user identity.’ All that is well in the future. Nexus, on the other hand, will be here once central banks are assured that the protocol will be robust enough to tackle money-laundering and terror financing.
Countries with partially convertible currencies, like India, will need to ensure that quick payments for goods and services purchased overseas don’t become a way to get around capital controls.
Cross-border payments are too costly. Nexus can slash charges by half. Even if it gets outmoded, it will still be a welcome innovation. It’ll be great to see your money gone, as long as it reappears with the right person in 60 seconds. ©bloomberg